Questions On Financial Plan For Tempshadow Ink - 1629 Words

Financial Plan Overview TempShadow Ink’s financial plan is based on conservative estimates and assumptions. TempShadow Ink plans to start operations January 1, 2015; the financial statements will be for a 5-year period covering 2015-2019. Start-up Funding The start-up funding for TempShadow Ink will consist of the Research Development (RD) that will be needed to develop the temporary tattoo ink. The company plans to hire the RD Company Cargill. The contract states that an ink will need to be developed within 6 months of the starting date, January 2015. Once the tattoo ink is developed, TempShadow Ink will begin a two-year testing phase with volunteer test subjects. This will happen from mid-2015 through mid-2017. The start-up funding will last about two and a half years. At that time, the goal is to have the ink distributed to tattoo parlors around the United States. The company estimates it will need approximately $600,000 to make this happen. Use of Funds Each owner of TempShadow Ink plans on contributing $50,000, which will total $200,000. Danny Smith and Mark Sanchez are going to get a SBA Loan (Veteran’s Advantage) of $100,000 and then the company is asking for investor funds of $300,000. The total budget for TempShadow Ink will be $600,000. The first two years 2015-2016 will be unprofitable for TempShadow Ink, once the testing phase is successfully completed and ink is being distributed, TempShadow Ink plans to begin making a profit. Income

Organizational Citizenship Behavior Is Defined As A Set Of...

Literature review Introduction: Organizational citizenship behavior is defined as a set of behaviors which extends from one s basic requirements of job. Generally, organizational citizenship is extra role behavior or a variety of behaviors like helping colleagues and organization by presenting it in a positive way in front of others and by doing over time voluntarily. The first research made on organizational citizenship behavior was by Bateman and Organ in 1980 s. They presented their genuine theories that was further carried by a number of researchers like Podsakoff and Mackenzie in 1993, Jhangir et al., in the year of 2004, Khalid and Ali in 2005. In 1983, researcher named as Smith et al., specified two basic dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior which are known as altruism and generalized compliance. But later on in 1988, Organ identified five dimensions of Organizational citizenship behavior named as altruism, sportsmanship, conscientiousness, courtesy and civic virtue. In the beginning, the researchers mostly focused on the attitudes of employees, dispositions and leader supportiveness for the organizational citizenship behavior. But recently, different factors have been studied in order to deduce the antecedents of organizational citizenship behavior. The antecedents such as job satisfaction, perceptions of organizational justice, organizational commitment, personality characteristics, task characteristics, and leadership behavior have been analyzedShow MoreRelatedDoes Charisma Be Taught? Tests Of Two Interventions840 Words   |  4 Pages10(3), 374-396. Antonakis et al starts off research by posing a question. â€Å"Can leadership, and in particular charisma, be taught? The authors set out to prove in fact that training can training managers a specific set of charismatic leadership tactics not only improves their charisma, but their effectiveness as leaders. Charismatic leadership is defined as by Antonakis et al as being a sub element of tra nsformational leadership. In the first study researchers assigned 34 middle managers fromRead MoreOrganizational Citizenship Behaviour ( Ocb )1564 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) have long been a field studied by many in order to find out whether there are correlations between different personalities that have a direct effect to OCB. Personality Personality is often characterized as unique behaviors that individual possessed that sets him or her apart form others. On the other hand, Allport (1961: 28) states â€Å"Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determineRead MoreThat Organizations Should Strengthen Their Ethical Leadership1555 Words   |  7 Pagesleadership behaviors by selecting leaders who will be able to gain the trust of employees to gain a fair perception about the company (Xu, 2014, p. 495). They should do this by continuously practicing their ethical codes and procedures and hire leaders with high moral standards (Xu, 2014, p. 500). Ethical Leadership Demirtas and Akdogan (2014) stated that â€Å"When behaviors in an organization are perceived to be ethical, these perceptions influence ethical decision making and the behaviors of organizationalRead MoreEthical Leadership : Unethical Behavior1568 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Leadership With all the recent unethical behavior in high profile cases. Someone may ask is there such a thing as ethical leadership? Leadership behaviors have a direct impact on the effectiveness and trust of the leader, the followers, and the organization. In the recent past there have been organizations rocked by scandal and impropriety stemming from how a leader acted or did not act such as: â€Å"the alleged cover-up by Penn State University senior administrators of criminal acts perpetuatedRead MoreJob Satisfaction Is Defined As The Positive Feeling Felt By An Individual881 Words   |  4 PagesJob Satisfaction Job Satisfaction is defined as the positive feeling felt by an individual about a job which results from and evaluation of the job’s characteristics (Robbins Judge, 2013). With an understanding of job satisfaction we will look at and describe the issues of three individuals and their three different jobs. Describing their job satisfactions, dislikes, and how all this relates to their performances on the job. The three different jobs that are presented for consideration of jobRead MoreOrganizational Citizenship Behavior4841 Words   |  20 PagesTable of contents: Page # 1. Literature Review 1 1.1. What are Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs) 1 1.2. OCB and its link with Organization 3 1.3. How OCB’s are exhibited by employees 4 1.4. Importance of OCB 5 1.5. Effect of OCB on employees 6 2. Introduction to Organization 6 2.1. Allied Bank Limited 7 2.2. Meezan Bank Limited 7 2.3. First Women’s Bank 7 2.4. MCB 7 3. Findings and resultsRead MoreExample Questions LMP Exam1654 Words   |  7 PagesQuestions Essentials of Organizational Behavior. 1 Ch.1 The underlying principle of scientific management was to: A) structure organizations for the efficient management of people. B) apply statistical analysis to the design of jobs C) get people to do more work in less time. D) eliminate the need for first-line supervisors C 2 Ch.1 The human relations movement A. emphasized the importance of employee training and development. B. encouraged employee participation in organizational decision making. CRead MoreThe Role Of Meaningful Work On Work Motivation Theories1286 Words   |  6 Pagesincentives), social status and fulfillment of needs. This had inspired organizational scholars to explore, what motivates one to work, leading to tremendous research on work motivation. Motivation theories can be classified through three predominant approaches (Chalofsky, 2003): 1. Content theories – These theories analyze the motives and underlying drivers of human behavior. It is based on the assumption that main intention behind human behavior is to satisfy the needs. 2. Reinforcement theories – These theoriesRead MoreRelationship Between Job Performance and Job Satisfaction2039 Words   |  9 Pagesthis essay, job performance has been defined and the main categories of job performance have been laid out to show the exact difference between task, contextual and counterproductive performance. Also, the association between job performance and satisfaction has been reviewed thoroughly to prove what matters most in order for an organization’s employees to perform at soaring levels. Job performance is formally defined as the value of the set of employee behaviors that contribute, either positivelyRead MoreImpact Of Csr On Organizational Trust And Brand Authenticity1551 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of CSR on Organizational Trust and Brand Authenticity and their behavioral outcomes on Firms Abstract: The importance of Corporate Social Responsibility in sustainable business is inevitable throughout the world. This study aims to investigate long-term relationships between stakeholders and socially responsible companies, reasoning the effect of organizational Trust and Brand Authenticity on such relationships. Trust is a fundamental asset in every business and non-business relationship

European Review of Contract Law

Question: Evaluate the means of law enforcement including the role of the Court of Justice? Answer: Introduction Every land has its own law and moreover a body which regulates the laws and rules which are made so that all the citizens may get an equal right and an equal say in the matters which are related to them all. The body which makes certain important rules and regulations and is being considered in the given case is the European Union (EU) which is both a political and economic union and its territorial union exists all over Europe, 28 member states being a part of it. All the member states make necessary decisions, whatever is required in an institutional form which is supranational in nature. The main important institutions of this Union are- European Parliament European Court of Auditors European Central Bank Court of Justice of the European Union European Council Council of the European Union European Commission These are the commissions who put their heads together to make the best kind of rules which will be beneficial to the mass majority of the population, no matter which class they belong. The given case is also of the various decisions that have been taken by EU and the laws that have been made so as to make the continent a better place for all the people to stay in. On the basis of the given case, the given matter has been discussed with a political point of view. The case that has been given is the one in which EU has made laws regarding compensations that the employee should (like Directive 97/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council) get and laws at different stances when the employee and the employer relationship is considered. Before the matter can be discussed, one needs to see what the scene is in brief. There has been a directive which has been passed by EU, dated 2013/08, which directed the member states to enact a compensation scheme where in the industrial sector they should pay a compensation to the workers who have been injured, irrespective of the fault of the employer and it was finally implemented on 1st October 2014. This directive by EU law also states that if there has been an injury which they employer has faced, he should get about 6 weeks off and about 250% of the employers salary should be offered during the period of recovery and also as an convalescence. But this is where the UK law thinks differently. It believes that through the Common Law and the statutes that are already being provided by them to their employers and employees via the schemes and for the compensation are more than enough and that they do not need to incorporate such schemes which are being laid down by EU. They feel that the ordinary law of negligence and the compensation provided thereto is some thing which is sufficient, for any kind of workplace injuries. Here the compensation which is provided to the employee who has been injured, by here it is meant UK is based on a lot more things than the only things which EU mentioned. They consider the degree or gravity of loss, damage, and hurt and that how much would be the cost of recovery or how much is the income of the person who is injured. Like it has been mentioned above the people of the land, UK feel that the Common Law as well as the Statutory Laws have shed enough light on this matter and that any new directive will not need to be incorporated. They feel that the laws which are being followed or that which have already been laid down has enough substance for the given matter and thus the Directives laid down by EU is not something that at that point of time needed to be given importance too. Cases The first person that one takes into consideration in the light of EU laws for discussing the above mentioned case is John who has been working for Westminster City Corporation since the year 1982 as a painter and a decorator and off late has suffered injuries where he has broken an arm and a leg, has fractured his ribs and also has a concussion and for the given damage the corporation takes the liability and has decided to pay 100% of his wages, which is not the same which had been mentioned by the EU and also the recovery charges whatever would be required in order for John to get well. He also gets an additional jump-off pay which would have been more if the retirement years left were not small. The employers here follow the Public Liability Act 1980 according to which certain amount of payments would be assigned to John taking into account the kind of injuries he has faced. The next person and the incident to be discussed is Penelope. She has been working in XCBBiological Science s Ltd which happens to be a private firm and at the place because of the poor maintenance she has faced injuries in the form of burns, which has burnt her skin badly. Her recovery would mean two months off from work and the compensation that she is receiving from her employer is a months pay in addition to what she already gets, also the costs of her treatment is included in this. But the case remains that both the people whose cases have been mentioned above are not happy with the compensation that they are receiving and therefore would like to refer to the directives which are laid down by the EU so as to whether their employers can be sued or not. For shedding light on the given matter, further discussion has been provided which sheds light on all the given facts and issues mentioned in the discussion above. Extent of EUs authority and the effects of the principles lay down by it EU like it has been mentioned above is a political and economic Union and not any obligatory body which can enforce its laws and Directives on the member states unless sit has been decided unanimously. It work or its action is presented in three respective forms which are regulatory functions, directives are passed by them and also decisions are taken by them in certain important matters. The regulations or the Directives passed by them becomes the Law automatically and thus when this is something which comes into force after all the member states has agreed upon it, it overrides all the domestic or the territorial provisions which exist related to the same matter. Thus it can be said that the regulations which are laid down by the EU would hold importance in the member states. EU law is something that the state cannot override whether one considers is horizontally or vertically. A domestic law is going to hold importance in the land as long as there is no similar Law made by EU to o verride it. In case that happens the EU Law stands true in all cases. The regulations become laws if passed by the EU Court of Justice and thus the only thing which is left to the state is the method of their implementation when the regulations have already been made into laws. Though the National Courts have the territorial jurisdiction, and they have the authority to pass the required laws and regulations for the country but what needs to be understood is that above the national laws all the states have come together to become the members of the EU which needs to be regarded when they pass any regulations or when decisions have been given by its court. Thus apart from the regulations which has been passed by it, the common law and the statutory law on negligence has also been discussed below so as to shed more light and that a clear connection is established between the national law and the laws which are made by EU for the betterment of the people. Common Law on Negligence The Common Law which is usually followed in the land which also used for reference in many other cases outside the country lays down following essentials which have to be fulfilled when so that the whole injury could be stated to be a result of negligence on the part of one party. The elements are- Duty of care: one party which is being held for negligence should have owed a duty of care towards the injured party. There should have been a breach in the given duty of care. Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 3 Bing. N.C. 467 The cause of the injury of the plaintiff should be the negligence or the breach of duty of the other party and also the remoteness of the injury also depends on the given breach of duty. Barnett v Kensington Chelsea NHS Trust Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority Gregg v Scott And in case the damage was something that was foreseeable the following cases have been taken into consideration- Hughes v Lord Advocate [1963] AC 837 Wagon Mound (No.1) [1961] AC 388 Scott v Shepherd (1773) 96 ER 525 There are certain defenses too which are available for the given case which is that in case there was contributory negligence, or that there was an illegality involved in the given case, or maybe that the injury was caused because of the fault of the plaintiff, in these cases the damages would be likely not given or would be very less because the element of negligence are not being fulfilled exactly. Statutory law on negligence There is no specific statutory law which is followed in UK regarding negligence except what has already been discussed above. The Common Law plays the most important role when it comes to the laws on negligence. Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Thus it can be said that the Common Law or the Statutory Law is something that is in collaboration with the Directives which have been laid down by EU. Here the only difference lies is that the Common Law states many more clauses as to how the negligence has to be proved followed by the damages which are to be rewarded based on the given remoteness of the injury. The basics which is followed by EU is the same, and the only like of difference is the way damages are to be awarded to each person who claims to be a victim of negligence and to whom the employer shall be responsible. Limitation of the directive What has already been discussed is that the Directive and the rule which is usually passed by the EU is something that ultimately becomes the rule in all the member states. It is very important to note that the regulations would only be applicable in the states that are member to this union and at the same time will not be available to the countries or the states that are not a part of the same. The limitations of the directive lie in the fact that not all clauses of a certain tort are considered by them when rewarding the injured the compensation or the damages of his injuries. Here the damages which were decided on the part of the employer of John was more or less sufficient for his sustenance keeping in mind the kind of work he had and the years that he had served the company. But at the same time keeping in mind the kind of injuries that he has faced makes us realize that the EU has had thoughts about the past regulations in mind and that is the reason why it has passed the laws and the regulations. But at the same time the implementation of the given directive or the law lies completely in the hands of the states and the EU can do nothing about how a particular directive is adopted and implemented in any given states. Thus it can be said that there are no direct limitations to the directives which are passed by EU and at the same time a line of limitations does intervene. Penelopes case When the second case is considered a landmark case of EU can be referred too which is known as the Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (1963) Case 26/62 where it was observed that if there is a provision which has been established by the EU, or any of its important commission, whether it is Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community or other, had the authority of creating legalprovision in the given member states. This simply means that if a directive has been passed by EU, in one way or the other the member state would be bound by it and thus if certain rules and regulations have been given by the EU regarding the compensation which should be received by a person in case there has been an injury which has been caused to him while working for the given employer, the employer has to provide for the compensation and the cost of recovery whether or not he has been directly at fault. The given case also establishes the criteria of direct effect which can be used in Penelopes case. Interpretation of National Law and Statute Law and other cases The National Law and the Statute Law has least ambiguity like the EU laws have. These national laws can be directly interpreted like they have been written down and therefore can be directly used in the given case as well. The only area of discrepancy lies is where the damage and the remoteness of the injury have to be decided. Since even this remains a very subjective matter, EU therefore had passed directives and regulations which had awarded more or less a fixed amount of compensation that should have been included in some way in the national law as well. When matters like these are concerned there are famous cases which should be referred too and therefore some of them have been mentioned below- Brasserie du pcheur and Factortame, Joined Cases C-46/93 and C-48/93 (5 March 1996) tells more about the breach of the community law and how that has to be taken very seriously because it holds the community at large. Mangold v Helm (2005) C-144/04 was a case that dealt with Employment Equality Framework Directive and said that if a time arises when the national law or conflicts the EU directive, it is the directive passed by EU that has to be given more important and not vice versa. Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion SA [1990] C- 106/89 mentions the indirect law which says that even the national courts of the member states have an obligatory duty to reason and pass orders in the light of the directives passed or unparsed by the EU. Thus it can be said that if the given Directive by EU are not passed, the given member thence commits a breach of rule, and in turn has to follow what has been laid by EU. State liability EU has laid it down very clearly that the breach of rule, or community law or as a matter of fact any rule and the judgment that has to be passed are to be passed by keeping the directives of the EU in mind and not the national law. The principle states that that the Member States are obliged to make good loss and damage caused to individuals by breaches of Community law for which they can be held responsible and hence damage has to be provided. Article 258 EU Law This is an important article, because it serves more like a remedy, and states that in case any of the member states have failed to follow what has been provided by the EU it shall provide sufficient reason for it and also has to give the chance to the State to give in its observation. If both do not comply, the matter would be then taken to Court of Justice of the European Union. Thus it can be said that in both the cases that have been given, both John and Penelope can ask EU for the kind of justice that they deserve. References Afferni G, 'Case: ECJ Manfredi V Lloyd Adriatico' (2007) 3 European Review of Contract Law Allison L, EU (Palgrave Macmillan 2015) Andersen S, The Enforcement Of EU Law (Oxford University Press 2012) Beever A, Rediscovering The Law Of Negligence (Hart 2007) Bovens M, Curtin D and Hart P, The Real World Of EU Accountability (Oxford University Press 2010) Brennan S, Halsbury H and Mackay of Clashfern J, 2008 Consolidated Table Of Cases: M - Z, ECJ Cases (LexisNexis Butterworth 2008) Ceccorulli M, EU (Routledge 2014) Delaney H and Zande R, A Guide To The EU Machinery Directive (US Dept of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology 2001) Harlow C, State Liability (Oxford University Press 2004) HIGASHINO A, 'The Dynamism Of EU Enlargement' (2004) 2004 EU Studies in Japan Knop K, Diversity And Self-Determination In International Law (Cambridge University Press 2002) Leden L and Himanen V, EU (Technical research centre of Finland 1996) O'Neill A, Decisions Of The ECJ And Their Constitutional Implications (Butterworths 1994) Reich N, Understanding EU Law (Intersentia 2003) Riesenhuber K, 'Case: ECJ Mangold' (2007) 3 European Review of Contract Law Scholten M, The Political Accountability Of EU And US Independent Regulatory Agencies Steiner J and others, EU Law (Oxford University Press 2006) Taschner H, 'Environmental Liability And Product Liability In The EU: A Comparison' (2000) 9 Rev EC Int Env Law Vajda C, Liability For Breach Of Community Law Winiger B and Andersson H, E M. A. P Bovens, Deirdre Curtin and Paul 't Hart, The Real World Of EU Accountability (Oxford University Press 2010). Miroslava Scholten, The Political Accountability Of EU And US Independent Regulatory Agencies. Stine Andersen, The Enforcement Of EU Law (Oxford University Press 2012). Laura Allison, EU (Palgrave Macmillan 2015). Michela Ceccorulli, EU (Routledge 2014). Lars Leden and Veli Himanen, EU (Technical research centre of Finland 1996). Sian R Brennan, Hardinge Stanley Giffard of Halsbury and James Peter Hymers Mackay of Clashfern, 2008 Consolidated Table Of Cases: M - Z, ECJ Cases (LexisNexis Butterworth 2008). Christopher Vajda, Liability For Breach Of Community Law. BeÃÅ' neÃÅ' dict Winiger and HaÃÅ'Ã…  kan Andersson, Essential Cases On Damage (De Gruyter 2011). Allan Beever, Rediscovering The Law Of Negligence (Hart 2007). Josephine Steiner and others, EU Law (Oxford University Press 2006). Atsuko HIGASHINO, 'The Dynamism Of EU Enlargement' (2004) 2004 EU Studies in Japan. Norbert Reich, Understanding EU Law (Intersentia 2003). Karen Knop, Diversity And Self-Determination In International Law (Cambridge University Press 2002). Helen Delaney and Rene van de Zande, A Guide To The EU Machinery Directive (US Dept of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology 2001). Hans Claudius Taschner, 'Environmental Liability And Product Liability In The EU: A Comparison' (2000) 9 Rev EC Int Env Law. Karl Riesenhuber, 'Case: ECJ Mangold' (2007) 3 European Review of Contract Law. Aidan O'Neill, Decisions Of The ECJ And Their Constitutional Implications (Butterworths 1994). Giorgio Afferni, 'Case: ECJ Manfredi V Lloyd Adriatico' (2007) 3 European Review of Contract Law. Carol Harlow, State Liability (Oxford University Press 2004).

The Historical Importance of Laura Bassi Essay Example For Students

The Historical Importance of Laura Bassi Essay In a time when it was considered an impressive accomplishment for a woman to have an education, Laura Bassi earned a doctorate and became a university professor1. She worked with unrelenting determination to achieve her goals and be treated as an equal in her field. Bassi, who was born on October 20th 1711, did not try to impress or fit in with any particular group. She managed to raise 12 children in addition to her professional duties2. She is an important historical figure because of her contributions to science, which span across several fields. She is also mportant because she had to work so much harder to achieve these goals, due to the obstacles facing every woman seeking this type of employment in her era. Bassi was a noted professor of anatomy, an accomplished physicist, a Doctor of philosophy, and a mother of twelve3. Even today, over 200 years after her death, most women would be considered successful with even one of these titles to their name. Bassi had incredible drive and gave her all to each of her responsibilities. She somehow managed to find the time to do charity work helping the poor, and enjoyed writing poetry4. Bassis time was mostly spent teaching, experimenting, and attending meetings of the Bologna Academy of Science. She was genuinely interested in her work and it was important to her to pass her knowledge on to others whom encouraged to become educated. One possible reason for the long list of Bassis accomplishments is the excellent start to her education. Even as a child, she displayed an extraordinary aptitude for learning, as she easily mastered languages and became fluent in both French and Latin5. She became a professor at age 21, he result of her hard work with tutors, as well as a powerful memory6. Another possible contributor to Bassis drive and subsequent successes was that after accomplishing so much, so young, her standards were set extremely high in every challenge encountered. After much insisting by her family and friends, Laura took part in a public debate to defend her set of theses on philosophy. On April 17, 1732, she debated with five men who were considered to be the top scholars in Italy at that time7. Bassi took this opportunity to shine. Her successful debating earned her the respect of many and a degree in hilosophy, and this announced her as an equal amongst the much older, more educated men. Although she was officially given the position of professor at the University of Bologna, getting permission to actually teach was much more difficult. Bassi tried everything within her power to convince the Senators to allow her to teach a class regularly, but her requests fell on deaf ears for many years. The all-male Senate wanted her to be solely and honorary member, not active on campus8. She was permitted to give lectures sporadically, but this did not satisfy her desire to teach. The discouraging response from the Senate did not make Bassi give up, on the contrary, she just kept trying. When she couldnt teach at school, Bassi took matters into her own hands and in 1749 began teaching lessons from her own home. She taught mathematics first and then settled into more popular classes in physics and anatomy. The physics course became very popular, attracting not only young students but adults as well9. This is important because is demonstrates how well respected Bassi was, as grown men would not normally take a science class from a woman. Due to the fact that she was teaching these lessons at home, Bassi was able to branch out and teach whatever she wanted, without having to consider university curriculum. She exercised this freedom regularly, and taught Newtonian philosophy, which was still considered modern and wasnt widely accepted10. Since Bassi had now proven herself as a competent and innovative teacher, the question remained: why was she not teaching regularly at the university? The only answer is she was discriminated against because of her sex. .ueb7c5f68dcf0fa7fb5cacb05e7b24966 , .ueb7c5f68dcf0fa7fb5cacb05e7b24966 .postImageUrl , .ueb7c5f68dcf0fa7fb5cacb05e7b24966 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueb7c5f68dcf0fa7fb5cacb05e7b24966 , .ueb7c5f68dcf0fa7fb5cacb05e7b24966:hover , .ueb7c5f68dcf0fa7fb5cacb05e7b24966:visited , .ueb7c5f68dcf0fa7fb5cacb05e7b24966:active { border:0!important; } .ueb7c5f68dcf0fa7fb5cacb05e7b24966 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueb7c5f68dcf0fa7fb5cacb05e7b24966 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueb7c5f68dcf0fa7fb5cacb05e7b24966:active , .ueb7c5f68dcf0fa7fb5cacb05e7b24966:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueb7c5f68dcf0fa7fb5cacb05e7b24966 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueb7c5f68dcf0fa7fb5cacb05e7b24966 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueb7c5f68dcf0fa7fb5cacb05e7b24966 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueb7c5f68dcf0fa7fb5cacb05e7b24966 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueb7c5f68dcf0fa7fb5cacb05e7b24966:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueb7c5f68dcf0fa7fb5cacb05e7b24966 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueb7c5f68dcf0fa7fb5cacb05e7b24966 .ueb7c5f68dcf0fa7fb5cacb05e7b24966-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueb7c5f68dcf0fa7fb5cacb05e7b24966:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ocean Discovery Teaches Animal Cruelty EssayAs the number of her supporters grew, including the Pope himself, ore pressure was put on the Senate to give her a proper classroom. Persistence finally paid off for Bassi in 1776, as she was granted a regular teaching position, only two years before her death. She was a professor of experimental physics, and conducted many experiments and observations as the focus of her class11. Laura Bassi was not interested in marriage when she was young, as she thought it was much more useful to spend her time devoted to her work. Many in the community were surprised when she did marry in 173812. Some people spoke out against her marriage, claiming it would tarnish her professional eputation, and most assumed her career would end as a result. Bassi proved them all wrong. She was successful in both her professional and family life. This is another example of how strong-willed and independent Bassi was, she was completely unconcerned with trying to be conventional. Bassis motives for marrying her husband may have related to the fact that many people disapproved of her spending so much time with groups of men in her home13. She was the subject of much gossip and accusations about her relationships with these men. After she married fellow professor nd scientist Giuseppe Verrati the rumours ceased, as he began to accompany her to meetings. This is not to say that Bassi was careless in her choice of her husband. She said that she decided to marry him because she thought him to be a person who walks my path in the arts and who, through long experience, I was certain would not impede me from following mine. 14 Most women in this era did not work at all outside the home. For this reason, Bassis accomplishments as a scientist and a mother were all the more impressive. Also, her success at work and home was an inspiration o many women who had never even considered the possibilities of leading this double life. As a pioneer of working women, Bassi is an ideal role model for all women who want the best of both worlds. She invented devices for experimenting with electricity, but made no notable major discoveries. Her contributions to science15, and especially women in science go far beyond the role any invention would play. She was an inspiration for others to get educated. She was an inspiration to women to have their own goals and to work hard and achieve them. Historically, we see Laura Bassi as the first female college professor to actually teach a class16. This well-deserved recognition doesnt tell half the story of her accomplishments through teaching and inspiring her students, and the revolution she helped stir to get women recognized as equals in a professional field. Bassi is unique because she stood up for herself and gained the job and respect she was seeking. She is an important historical figure because unlike the women who came before her, Bassi would not tolerate the discriminatory system in which she was born.

What Was The Effect Of The Space Shuttle Challenger Essays

What Was The Effect of The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster on NASA and the Future of the United States Space Program? This was the major question proposed during the late 1980's. What was the future of NASA going to be after this terrible disaster? Would there be enough funding for the continuation of the United States Space Program? This Challenger explosion was one of the major catastrophes of the entire Space Program since the beginning of funding for the Space Program was started. It seems, out of all the mistakes that NASA and the United States government has ever made, this one made a lasting impression on many Americans, and foreign authority figures all over the world. The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster was a major tragedy. However, it was a tragedy that could have been prevented with a closer inspection of one of the shuttle's parts that had been of concern since the entire Space Shuttle Program had been started; the O-Ring. Inside the Solid Rocket Booster, there exists certain seals which were the rubber O-rings. The objective of the O-rings is to act as a seal that is meant to prevent gases from escaping through the Solid Rocket Booster. One of the main reasons for the explosion was that O-ring "flexed" and let the gases escape, which in less than seconds later, caught fire and created the explosion. Among the other minor problems were those of electrical problems and faulty gages which were just "overlooked" because the problems were only minor and they posed no real threat to the safety of the mission or the crew of seven(7). 11:39:17am, Tuesday, January 28th, 1986. As the Space Shuttle Challenger soared into the sky that morning, 74 seconds into flight, it exploded, killing all 7 crew members on board including one High-School teacher. This was the worst accident in the history of the U.S. Space Program. It was witnessed by thousands of spectators and visitors who watched at the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded before their eyes. Among the crew killed were: Francis R. Scobee, Commander; Michael J. Smith, Pilot; Judith A. Resnick, Electrical Engineer; Ellison S. Onizuka, Engineer; Ronald E. McNair, Physicist; Gregory R. Jarvis, Electrical Engineer; Christa McAuliffe, High-School teacher. For most of the crew, it was just an ordinary mission with the exception of the school teacher. For Christa McAuliffe, it was everything out of the ordinary. She was the one out of many applicants that had the opportunity to ride in the Space Shuttle to help teach children all over the country about the experiments she was going to accomplish in space. As the spectators at Kennedy Space Center watched, everyone was in disbelief including many of the technicians inside the control room communicating with Francis Scobee, the Commander of the Shuttle Challenger. This experience is best described through a passage between Challenger and the Control Room which occurred as this: "Challenger lifted off...and passed Mach One, the speed of sound, at 19,000 feet. The computers throttled back the three main engines to 65 percent of thrust, anticipating the stress that the engineers call Max-Q, maximum aerodynamic pressure. 'Okay, we're throttling down,' Scobee reassured his crew as the thrust dropped. For fourteen seconds they swayed and jolted silently in their seats while the shuttle chopped through wind shear. 'Throttling up', Scobee called, watching the bright lines of his flight data screen. 'Throttle up', Smith confirmed from his own instruments 'Roger', Dick Scobee formally acknowledged. 'Feel that mother go', Smith called, noting the violent surge of power. As the Challenger climbed, its computers processed millions of bits of data, sifting, sorting, and sending it down to the Cape where it was instantly re- transmitted to the Mission Control Room at Johnson Space Center in Texas. Inside the control room, the technicians saw that the Challenger's engines had returned normally to full thrust, and that the ascent was proceeding perfectly. CAPCOM Richard Covey hunched at his console, his face tight with concentration. 'Challenger",... "go at throttle up." On Challenger's noisy flight deck, Commander Scobee punched his transmit button and replied, 'Roger, go at throttle up.' It was exactly seventy seconds after lift-off. The Shuttle was near 50,000 feet...but in the next three seconds Challenger slammed through increasingly violent maneuvers. Mike Smith voiced sudden apprehension. 'Uh-oh.' In Mission Control, the pulsing digits on the screens abruptly stopped. At the top of each console screen, a frozen while "S" was now centered. Static, no down-link. Challenger was dead. Mission Control spokesman Steve Nesbit sat...he stared around the silent, softly lit

The Marketing of Jamiroquai Essay Example

The Marketing of Jamiroquai Essay Example The Marketing of Jamiroquai Essay The Marketing of Jamiroquai Essay Sony Music International, whose head office is based in New York, comprises sixty different affiliate companies world-wide, one of which is Sony Music UK. Sony Music UK became a pure record company in 1965, with two of its main objectives being to discover and market UK artists, and to penetrate the UK market using international artists. The organization became increasingly popular and successful throughout the 1970s and 1980s and is now one of the most powerful record companies in the world, and generates more annual revenue than any of its competitors, as illustrated by the bar chart below However, despite its strength and success, Sony Music has recently suffered from a major decrease in turnover and profits, as illustrated in the graphs on the following page. This is the result of a drastic change in the singles market; the UK sales of singles have plummeted, with figures for singles sales currently being the lowest on record for the past 25 years. Unfortunately, this trend does not appear to be changing; singles sales in 2002 totaled less than  £100 million in the first time since 1994, down 13.7% on 2001. Jamiroquai In 1991, Sony Music decided to launch the sub-label Soho Square. Jamiroquai, a multi-cultural English band led by singer Jason Kay was formed a year later in 1992. They released a song called When You Gonna Learn? on the independent London-based label Acid Jazz which generated a lot of attention, and were immediately inundated with offers from numerous record companies. Soho Square offered Kay an eight-album contract for  £1.3 million in 1992, but were not interested in signing the rest of his band. Kay accepted, but decided to keep his original band and pay them himself. Since 1992, Jamiroquai has continued to be Soho Squares most important and profitable artist. The band has a very distinctive musical sound which is not easily categorized and best described as a fusion of disco, jazz, funk and soul, and has consequently allowed them to attract a multi-racial fan-base. The bands image is very strong; their name incorporates the words Jam (as in a musical jam session) and Iroquis, the name of an indigenous American-Indian tribe who value the environment highly, which reflects both the bands love of music and their concern for the environment. Jamiroquais debut album on Soho Square, Emergency on Planet Earth, released in 1993, went straight to number one, and made them the top-selling English band of that year. Since then, Jamiroquai have continued to be very successful, selling a total of 16 million albums worldwide, having a dozen Top 30 chart hits, and winning numerous awards. Although Jamiroquais importance to Sony Music as a whole is not great, Jamiroquai is Soho Squares most successful act, and is a high priority to the sub-label as the band has allowed Soho Square to achieve its objective of successfully breaking an unknown UK band. Also, the fact that Kay is signed to Sony Music for 8 albums, a figure much higher than the US average 4 album contract offered to other artists, it is clear that Sony Music has long-term aspirations for the band. One of Sony Musics main objectives for Jamiroquai is to exploit its past marketing experience to allow Jamiroquai to break and conquer the US market. Sony Music, as the largest record company in the industry, has a wide variety of tools and resources available, in particular its extensive network of contacts within the music media, which, if managed effectively, can help to meet this objective. Sony Musics Environment Sony Music recognises the importance of managing its micro-environment in order to ensure efficiency and success in its marketing campaigns, as well the importance of interacting with and adapting to its macro-environment in order to preserve its competitive advantage and remain ahead of its competitors. Sony Musics Micro-Environment The company The process of setting up a marketing campaign for the band is carried out by Sony Music as follows: Management will set objectives stating desired single and album sales and other strategies for Jamiroquai, and will communicate these to the rest of the company. It is then up to the marketing department to work with other departments, such as Research and Development, to assess how to attract its target audience. Suppliers The company is responsible for all of its own supplies; it is self-sufficient in that it owns its artist and produces its own CDs and other forms of media (e.g. LPs and DVDs). Marketing Intermediaries Sony Musics marketing intermediaries comprise the following: Resellers- The number of reseller mediums available to Sony Music have increased dramatically in the past decade, with CDs being sold at specialist music stores, online companies, supermarkets and music mega-stores such as HMV and Tower Records. Physical Distribution Firms- Instead of working with external firms, Sony Music UK has its own warehouse located in Aylesbury, where all CDs and other forms of media are stored and shipped, allowing the organisation to keep costs down. Marketing Services Agencies- Sony Music is able to reduce its marketing costs by arranging the vast majority of its marketing itself. In Sony Music, it is not only the Marketing Department that is responsible for marketing, but also the Press and Public Relations Departments, ensuring that publicity and advertising for all artists are maximised. Financial Intermediaries- Being a multi-billion pound organisation, Sony Music does not rely as heavily on financial intermediaries as other organizations, but its recent decline in profits could change this trend in the near future. Customers Sony Musics products are targeted to specific consumer markets, but although market research is carried out via Sony Music mailing lists, and a recently-launched Sony Student Website which aims to gain information from the student population, the market research aimed specifically at Jamiroquai fans is limited, with it being more focused on a range of Sony Music artists. Competition Sony Music faces fierce competition from others within the music industry, namely the other members of the Big Five: EMI, Universal, Warner Bros and BMG. With Sony Musics current profit and turnover dives, it is essential that the company remains aware of its competitors plans and marketing strategies. Sony Music tries to position Jamiroquai in its consumers minds as a band that transcends an array of music and racial boundaries, and sees this as its main source of competitive advantage. The organisation aims to maintain its success, like all other record companies, via its Artists and Repertoire Department which is constantly on the look-out for new talent and which also tries to persuade artists signed to other labels to sign to Sony Music. Publics The two publics that most affect Sony Music are: Media Publics- The media can have a negative effect on Jamiroquais album and single sales. Sony Music try to control this by setting up publicity stunts that they believe will help boost sales, and by maintaining good relationships with editors of publications and heads of music at radio stations, to ensure that Jamiroquai gets the best ratings, reviews and airplay possible. General Public- Sony Music understands the importance of keeping Jamiroquais image as consumer-friendly as possible, and does this by changing the bands image where necessary. For example, when trying to break Jamiroquai in the USA, Sony Music decided to change the lyrics on the bands Return of the Space Cowboy album to suit the American populations views on cannabis: Cheeba Cheeba (slang for cannabis) was changed to Freeba Freeba Gotta get high was changed to Gotta get sly Sony Musics Macro-Environment Economic Environment It is expected that by 2010, the Asian Tigers, India and China, will have a combined GDP of 28%, which is 10% higher than the predicted GDP of USA, and of Western Europe and Japan. These developing markets represent potential markets, as their standards of living, wealth and demand for technological goods are all on the increase. Demographic Environment The UK, like the majority of developed countries, has an ageing population; it is predicted that 38% of the population will be over 50 years old in 2031. This older generation will be likely to spend a significant percentage of their income on leisure activities (including music). It is therefore wise for Sony Music to investigate targeting this audience. Another trend is increasing European integration, leading to the creation of the Euro-consumer. Sony Music has the advantage of Jamiroquais multi-racial and multi-cultural band appealing to the diverse inhabitants of EU member states, and should maintain this image to attract more of these new Euro-consumers. Cultural Environment Celebrities and music groups have a considerable effect on peoples attitudes and appearance. Kays strong and unique image (he is famous for his flamboyant hats and his collection of fast cars) means that Jamiroquai is distinctive and easily-recognisable. However his numerous violent outbursts and bad behaviour have also caused him to be regarded negatively by many, as his behaviour goes against the moral beliefs and values of the general public (Reference: Page A1). Political and Natural Environment The growth of public interest groups have proven beneficial to Jamiroquai, as Kays much-publicised support for the environment has gained him many supporters. Jamiroquai recently performed a benefit concert for Friends of the Earth and played a short set near the Danish Embassy in protest at whale culling around the Faroe Islands. Technological Environment Technology has had a big impact on the music industry, its biggest threat to date being music-swapping software, as companies such as Napster have caused significant dents in Sony Musics profit margins because of the fact that their 51 million users do not want to buy music that they can obtain for free on the Internet. There have been ongoing legal battles between Sony Music and Napster, with a resolution yet to found. Fortunately, success was found by Sony Music with MP3.com: joining forces, the Big Five record companies (Sony Music, EMI, Universal, Warner Bros and BMG) deluged MP3.com with lawsuits charging the company with enabling Internet piracy, with the result being MP3.com paying Sony Music $20 million. Sony Music also introduced a revolutionary idea to try and combat music-swapping software: the production of non-copiable CDs which cannot be uploaded onto the Internet or burnt onto other CDs. This idea has been met with mixed reviews, as many consumers have turned against Sony Music for doing so. Also, it has been rumoured that Taiwanese companies are secretly developing hardware to read these CDs.

Character education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Character education - Essay Example Character education has been part of educational curriculums since long. Schools have played an essential role in passing on the cultural and ethical values of a society through the generations. It was seen as a moral responsibility of the teachers to involve and impart character education. But trends changes in the second half of the last century and character education completely disappeared from schools. Main reason for this is that teacher’s involvement in character development would infringe the right of the parents. Also the church/state debate added fuel to the argument. Martin Luther King said that â€Å"Intelligence plus character – that is the true goal of education† (Norris et al., 2004). Hence, it becomes the moral responsibility of the teacher to be involved in the character development of the students. And it also makes logical sense as children spend majority of their time in schools interacting with teachers, and hence teachers will have a long lasting impact on the children. Another reason why teachers must take an active part in the development of children character is that there is a decline in the family structure. Due to pressures of the 21st century work environment, majority of the parents are not able to interact with their children as they would desire to. Parents have not been able to share ethical values with the children. This is one of the reasons that youth character has seen a downward trend in the recent years (Ryan, 1993). Therefore it becomes the moral responsibility of the teacher to involve in character development. Research has shown that the learning environment makes an impact and has a positive effect on the social values and in turn the character of a child. That is, students who work in a cooperative learning group develop a character with mutual concern for one another (Johnson et al., 1981). Therefore, teacher is a critical part of the learning environment and hence needs to be actively and consciously